Origin and variability of resource-grade marine ferromanganese nodules and crusts in the Pacific Ocean: A review of biogeochemical and physical controls     

Philomène A. Verlaan  David S. Cronan 《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2022,82(1):125741

Marine ferromanganese nodules and crusts containing Mn, Cu, Ni and Co in the most promising resource-grade concentrations and quantities, together with Fe and Zn (all elements of biogeochemical importance) are found far from land on the deep seafloor of the Pacific Ocean. The biogeochemical, chemical and physical mechanisms contributing to their formation, distribution, abundance and – for these six elements – variability in their concentrations in these deposits, are the main focus of the present review. The mechanisms addressed include biological productivity, sedimentation types and rates, bottom water characteristics, the Calcium Carbonate Compensation Depth, the depth and intensity of the oxygen minimum zone, and biogeochemical characteristics of the six focal elements. Particular attention is given to comparisons between the deposits found in the north and the south Pacific, in order to present an overarching view of our current understanding of the mechanisms that apply to both nodules and crusts in both oceanic hemispheres, including examination of the possible existence of a marine ferromanganese oxide continuum. The renewed interest in the commercial exploitation of these deposits has stimulated a welcome increase in scientific research that is essential to informing the public discourse on seabed mining. We briefly reflect on the work addressed in this review in that context.  相似文献   

南极纳拉海峡固定冰生长、 结构、 盐度和氧同位素组成     

唐述林  秦大河  李宁  高善一 《矿物岩石地球化学通报》2012,32(6)

采用第19次中国南极科考采集的冰芯样品、 数据, 基于海冰的"冻结日"记录, 使用海冰一维热力学模型来计算纳拉海峡固定冰的生长厚度. 考虑气象条件以及冰情观测结果, 将该模型的计算海冰厚度和实测厚度进行比较发现, 在纳拉海峡存在着多年生长的海冰. 对采集于南极洲中山站附近纳拉海峡的固定冰冰芯样品进行结构、 盐度和稳定氧同位素(δ~(18)O)分析, 获取了海冰的结构和盐度剖面特征、 冰芯雪冰、 附加冰的含量、 雪冰中的雪以及全部冰芯中雪所占的百分比. 结果表明: 样品冰芯具有典型的海冰特征结构, 如柱状冰水平方向的C轴以及上部粒状冰层和下部柱状冰层结构特征, 部分柱状冰中间存在着粒状冰夹层; 盐度和δ~(18)O剖面也显示了多年冰生长的证据. 海冰的结构和氧同位素特征表明, 纳拉海峡固定冰的生长主要受热力学过程控制, 其结果和2000年1月至2003年2月人工冰情观测结果一致, 观测中没有发现冰脊、 叠置等动力过程. 附加冰在冰芯中所占的比例平均为5.01%. 使用不同的同位素标准来区分雪冰层, 估计研究区域平均有多达16.4%～37.9%的雪冰, 海冰粒状层中雪的部分约占全部冰厚度的0.8%～23.5%.  相似文献   

南极纳尔逊冰川土壤中微生物的群落结构及其代谢特征研究          下载免费PDF全文

范启连  田琛  吕永新  张宇  肖湘 《应用海洋学学报》2023,42(2):187-194

冰川土壤中的微生物是冰冻圈生态系统中的重要组成部分。南极纳尔逊冰川四周环海，临近海洋的物质输送和其他因素扰动改变了近岸土壤中部分理化因子，从而对土壤中的微生物群落产生影响。本研究采集了南极纳尔逊冰川不同近海距离处的土壤样品，并对其进行了细菌和古菌V4区扩增子测序以及宏基因组测序，探讨了不同近海距离的冰川土壤中的微生物群落结构和代谢潜能。物种多样性结果显示，不同位点的土壤微生物群落组成有所差异，但变形菌门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门等在冰川土壤样品中普遍存在且相对丰度较高。宏基因组分析结果显示，不同近海距离的冰川土壤微生物群落的功能基因分布不同，且能量代谢和跨膜运输等代谢途径的基因的丰度随着采样位点远离海洋而降低。冰川土壤中碳、氮、硫代谢分别以还原性柠檬酸循环、反硝化、同化硫酸盐还原途径为主，其中反硝化途径基因在所有样品中丰度较高。通过分箱组装获得了含有反硝化功能基因的基因组bin_71，并重构了其核心的代谢通路。本研究初步揭示了南极纳尔逊冰川土壤中微生物的群落结构及代谢潜能，为后续南极冰川土壤新物种的发现、功能基因的挖掘、以及探究全球气候变暖下海洋对沿海生态系统的影响提供了基础数据。  相似文献   

Variations in the biomass of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) around the South Shetland Islands, 1996-2006   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Reiss  Christian S.; Cossio  Anthony M.; Loeb  Valerie; Demer  David A. 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》2008,65(4):497-508

  相似文献   

The mid-depth circulation of the northwestern tropical Atlantic observed by floats     

Matthias Lankhorst  David Fratantoni  Michel Ollitrault  Philip Richardson  Uwe Send  Walter Zenk 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2009,56(10):1615-1632

A comprehensive analysis of velocity data from subsurface floats in the northwestern tropical Atlantic at two depth layers is presented: one representing the Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW, pressure range 600–1050 dbar), the other the upper North Atlantic Deep Water (uNADW, pressure range 1200–2050 dbar). New data from three independent research programs are combined with previously available data to achieve blanket coverage in space for the AAIW layer, while coverage in the uNADW remains more intermittent. Results from the AAIW mainly confirm previous studies on the mean flow, namely the equatorial zonal and the boundary currents, but clarify details on pathways, mostly by virtue of the spatial data coverage that sets float observations apart from e.g. shipborne or mooring observations. Mean transports in each of five zonal equatorial current bands is found to be between 2.7 and 4.5 Sv. Pathways carrying AAIW northward beyond the North Brazil Undercurrent are clearly visible in the mean velocity field, in particular a northward transport of 3.7 Sv across 16°N between the Antilles islands and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. New maps of Lagrangian eddy kinetic energy and integral time scales are presented to quantify mesoscale activity. For the uNADW, mean flow and mesoscale properties are discussed as data availability allows. Trajectories in the uNADW east of the Lesser Antilles reveal interactions between the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) and the basin interior, which can explain recent hydrographic observations of changes in composition of DWBC water along its southward flow.  相似文献   

GLIMMER Antarctic Ice Sheet Model,an experimental research of moving boundary condition     

唐学远  孙波  张占海  李院生  杨清华 《极地研究(英文版)》2008,19(1):23-35

A 3-D coupled ice sheet model, GLIMMER model is introduced, and an idealized ice sheet experiment under the EISMINT-1 criterion of moving boundary condition is presented. The results of the experiment reveal that for a steady-state ice sheet profile the characteristic curves describe the process of evolution which are accordant with theoretical estimates. By solving the coupled thermodynamics equations of ice sheet, one may find the characteristic curves which derived from the conservation of the mass, energy and momentum to the ice flow profile. At the same time, an agreement, approximate to the GLIMMER case and the confirmed theoretical results, is found. Present study is explorihg work to introduce and discuss the handicaps of EISMINT criterion and GLIMMER, and prospect a few directions of the GLIMMER model.  相似文献   

Pteropods in Southern Ocean ecosystems   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

B.P.V. Hunt  E.A. Pakhomov  G.W. Hosie  P. Ward 《Progress in Oceanography》2008,78(3):193-221

To date, little research has been carried out on pelagic gastropod molluscs (pteropods) in Southern Ocean ecosystems. However, recent predictions are that, due to acidification resulting from a business as usual approach to CO₂ emissions (IS92a), Southern Ocean surface waters may begin to become uninhabitable for aragonite shelled thecosome pteropods by 2050. To gain insight into the potential impact that this would have on Southern Ocean ecosystems, we have here synthesized available data on pteropod distributions and densities, assessed current knowledge of pteropod ecology, and highlighted knowledge gaps and directions for future research on this zooplankton group.Six species of pteropod are typical of the Southern Ocean south of the Sub-Tropical Convergence, including the four Thecosomes Limacina helicina antarctica, Limacina retroversa australis, Clio pyramidata, and Clio piatkowskii, and two Gymnosomes Clione limacina antarctica and Spongiobranchaea australis. Limacina retroversa australis dominated pteropod densities north of the Polar Front (PF), averaging 60 ind m⁻³ (max = 800 ind m⁻³) and 11% of total zooplankton at the Prince Edward Islands. South of the PF L. helicina antarctica predominated, averaging 165 ind m⁻³ (max = 2681 ind m⁻³) and up to >35% of total zooplankton at South Georgia, and up to 1397 ind m⁻³ and 63% of total zooplankton in the Ross Sea. Combined pteropods contributed <5% to total zooplankton in the Lazarev Sea, but 15% (max = 93%) to macrozooplankton in the East Antarctic. In addition to regional density distributions we have synthesized data on vertical distributions, seasonal cycles, and inter-annual density variation.Trophically, gymnosome are specialist predators on thecosomes, while thecosomes are considered predominantly herbivorous, capturing food with a mucous web. The ingestion rates of L. retroversa australis are in the upper range for sub-Antarctic mesozooplankton (31.2-4196.9 ng pig ind⁻¹ d⁻¹), while those of L. helicina antarctica and C. pyramidata are in the upper range for all Southern Ocean zooplankton, in the latter species reaching 27,757 ng pig ind⁻¹ d⁻¹ and >40% of community grazing impact. Further research is required to quantify diet selectivity, the effect of phytoplankton composition on growth and reproductive success, and the role of carnivory in thecosomes.Life histories are a significant knowledge gap for Southern Ocean pteropods, a single study having been completed for L. retroversa australis, making population studies a priority for this group. Pteropods appear to be important in biogeochemical cycling, thecosome shells contributing >50% to carbonate flux in the deep ocean south of the PF. Pteropods may also contribute significantly to organic carbon flux through the production of fast sinking faecal pellets and mucous flocs, and rapid sinking of dead animals ballasted by their aragonite shells. Quantification of these contributions requires data on mucous web production rates, egestion rates, assimilation efficiencies, metabolic rates, and faecal pellet morphology for application to sediment trap studies.Based on the available data, pteropods are regionally significant components of the Southern Ocean pelagic ecosystem. However, there is an urgent need for focused research on this group in order to quantify how a decline in pteropod densities may impact on Southern Ocean ecosystems.  相似文献   

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鄂栋臣  杨元德 《大地测量与地球动力学》2007,27(1):45-49

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������  Ԭ����  ��Ԫ��  ��ʤ��  л����  ��  ��  ���¹� 《大地测量与地球动力学》2014,34(6):41-43

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南极普里兹湾及其邻近海域水团研究   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0  

陈红霞  林丽娜  史久新 《海洋学报》2014,36(7):1-8

普里兹湾及其邻近海域是中国南大洋调查研究的传统优势海域与重点区域。围绕夏季表层水、冬季水、陆架水、绕极深层水、南极底层水、普里兹湾底层水、冰架水等研究海区主要水团的特征和分布,总结了前人在南极普里兹湾及其邻近海域基于调查资料开展的水团研究中所取得的成果。研究表明,前人在对陆架水的示性指标界定上,将陆架水是否区分为高盐陆架水和低盐陆架水存在较大争议,在高盐陆架水和普里兹湾底层水的定义上存在重叠;目前尚没有证据表明绕极深层水向南可以伸展到普里兹湾的陆架区域,也没有发现在普里兹湾附近海域生成南极底层水的直接证据。  相似文献